arXiv — NLP / Computation & Language · · 3 min read

The Holistic Storage of Verb+Up Phrases in Text-based and Audio-based Language Models

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

arXiv:2606.13993 (cs)
[Submitted on 12 Jun 2026]

Title:The Holistic Storage of Verb+Up Phrases in Text-based and Audio-based Language Models

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Abstract:A crucial aspect of linguistic capability is the ability to trade off between stored representations and abstract knowledge: one must retrieve learned representations, but also generate novel ones by applying productive rules. While recent work has examined abstract knowledge in language models, holistic storage of multi-word units has received far less attention. We probe internal representations in text-based LLMs and an ASR model, testing whether V+up phrasal verbs develop distinct representations as a function of frequency and predictability. All models show evidence of holistic storage driven by frequency and predictability, further supporting usage-based theories of language.
Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
Cite as: arXiv:2606.13993 [cs.CL]
  (or arXiv:2606.13993v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.13993
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Zachary Houghton [view email]
[v1] Fri, 12 Jun 2026 00:27:42 UTC (133 KB)
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