Beyond Surface Forms: A Comprehensive, Mechanism-Oriented Taxonomy of Indirect Linguistic Encoding for LLM-Based Coded Language Detection
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
Title:Beyond Surface Forms: A Comprehensive, Mechanism-Oriented Taxonomy of Indirect Linguistic Encoding for LLM-Based Coded Language Detection
Abstract:To avoid moderation and surveillance on social media, some users routinely invent indirect linguistic expressions (ILE) that camouflage sensitive meanings. Such expressions surface as algospeak, euphemisms, and adversarial obfuscation, depending on intent and context, and they involve recurring encoding mechanisms. We propose a comprehensive, mechanism-oriented taxonomy of ILE that abstracts away from communicative goals and instead categorizes the underlying operations through which meaning is encoded and recovered. We evaluate the taxonomy by incorporating it into LLM prompts and comparing it with four existing taxonomies and a no-taxonomy baseline, using 2,000 manually annotated TikTok and Bluesky posts. The proposed taxonomy attains the strongest document- and span-level performance across the three LLMs, achieving an improvement of 4.7% in accuracy and 5.4% in F1 over the best-performing benchmark. The empirical results reveal the importance of a comprehensive, mechanism-oriented taxonomy as a stable scaffold for detecting emerging coded language and a useful input to content moderation. Disclaimer: This paper contains content that may be profane, vulgar, or offensive.
| Comments: | Submitted for review in ARR for EMNLP 2026 |
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL) |
| ACM classes: | I.2.7 |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2606.27314 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2606.27314v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.27314
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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Submission history
From: Mohammadsadegh Abolhasani [view email][v1] Thu, 25 Jun 2026 17:29:45 UTC (2,055 KB)
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