Title:Steering the Language Axis: From Linear Decodability to Causal Control

Abstract:Despite the impressive multilingual capabilities of Large Language Models, the latent dynamics dictating language selection remain poorly understood. In this work, we ask whether language identity is merely linearly decodable from hidden states, or if it can be causally controlled by a compact activation direction. We conduct an exhaustive causal intervention analysis across multiple model families, including Qwen 3.5-2B and Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct, isolating PCA-derived "language axes" to perform steering and ablation experiments across 1.26 million generations on the FLORES-200 dataset.
Steering along these geometric directions reliably forces language switching in both cross-script (English to Chinese) and same-script (English to Spanish) settings, whereas equal-magnitude random perturbations yield virtually no effect. Our layerwise analysis reveals that language commitment is highly localized and explicitly language-pair-dependent. While English to Chinese switching resists early intervention and steers easily in the later layers, the English-Spanish transition shifts earlier, displaying a distinct, bimodal sensitivity. Furthermore, targeted ablation uncovers a fundamental reversion to English: once the language signal is removed, the model falls back to English regardless of the input prompt. Ultimately, these findings demonstrate that language decision boundaries function during inference as causally active features that are direction-dependent and layer-specific.

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