Legal Domain Adaptation of Modern BERT Models
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
Title:Legal Domain Adaptation of Modern BERT Models
Abstract:We investigate domain adaptation of modern BERT models in the legal domain. We further pre-train ModernBERT on all US court opinions using the masked language modeling objective. Although ModernBERT has been trained on roughly 500x more data than original BERT, we still find that this model benefits from further pre-training and domain adaptation in the legal domain: we report significant improvements compared to vanilla ModernBERT on all datasets connected to US court opinions. We find gains similar to those reported in early work on domain adaptation of BERT-like models. However, from scratch pre-training does not match the performance of further pre-training an existing ModernBERT checkpoint in our experiments. The resulting models are capable of processing sequences up to 8,192 tokens, and can be used to compute meaningful embeddings of legal passages, or could quickly rerank hundreds of legal passages for a given search query. We release all model checkpoints publicly.
| Comments: | To appear in Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2026), June 9-12, 2026, Singapore |
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2606.28538 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2606.28538v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.28538
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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