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CW-BASS v2: Saturation-Aware Pseudo-Label Selection for Semi-Supervised Segmentation under Foundation-Model Teachers

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= tau] on a held-out slice and filters strictly when the teacher's confident set is as reliable as the confidence it demands (pi_kept >= tau), falling back to a self-adaptive floor when it is not. The boundary is the pre-existing operating threshold, not a value tuned to mIoU — and it makes the correct strict-vs-floor call blind on all six DINOv2 teachers we tested.\n\nIt recovers the UniMatch V2 operating point where the teacher is reliable (Pascal VOC 1/8: 87.4 against 87.9 reported; Cityscapes within 0.5) and improves on it where the confident set is not (ADE20K, pi_kept about 89% rather than 98%: +1.5 mIoU, single seed).\n\nCode, weights for Pascal / Cityscapes / ADE20K, and a Gradio demo you can run locally are in the repo.","html":"<p>Author here.</p>\n<p>Pseudo-label selection rules — dynamic thresholds, per-class curricula, soft confidence weights — were designed for noisy, under-confident ResNet teachers. A DINOv2 teacher changes the regime: confidence saturates (98% of Pascal pixels sit at or above 0.95), so an adaptive cutoff floods the retention mask and self-training decays into confirmation bias. The filtering that helped a weak teacher can hurt a strong one.</p>\n<p>CW-BASS v2 measures the regime instead of assuming it. A one-pass reliability gate estimates pi_kept = Pr[correct | c &gt;= tau] on a held-out slice and filters strictly when the teacher's confident set is as reliable as the confidence it demands (pi_kept &gt;= tau), falling back to a self-adaptive floor when it is not. The boundary is the pre-existing operating threshold, not a value tuned to mIoU — and it makes the correct strict-vs-floor call blind on all six DINOv2 teachers we tested.</p>\n<p>It recovers the UniMatch V2 operating point where the teacher is reliable (Pascal VOC 1/8: 87.4 against 87.9 reported; Cityscapes within 0.5) and improves on it where the confident set is not (ADE20K, pi_kept about 89% rather than 98%: +1.5 mIoU, single seed).</p>\n<p>Code, weights for Pascal / Cityscapes / ADE20K, and a Gradio demo you can run locally are in the repo.</p>\n","updatedAt":"2026-08-14T04:26:38.094Z","author":{"_id":"67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26","avatarUrl":"https://cdn-avatars.huggingface.co/v1/production/uploads/67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26/vBpYHf3zzqbmzn_7aaDl2.jpeg","fullname":"Ebenezer Tarubinga","name":"psychofict","type":"user","isPro":false,"isHf":false,"isHfAdmin":false,"isMod":false,"isUserFollowing":false}},"numEdits":0,"identifiedLanguage":{"language":"en","probability":0.9123484492301941},"editors":["psychofict"],"editorAvatarUrls":["https://cdn-avatars.huggingface.co/v1/production/uploads/67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26/vBpYHf3zzqbmzn_7aaDl2.jpeg"],"reactions":[],"isReport":false}}],"primaryEmailConfirmed":false,"paper":{"id":"2608.12773","authors":[{"_id":"6a7e930842823931a1f1768e","user":{"_id":"67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26","avatarUrl":"https://cdn-avatars.huggingface.co/v1/production/uploads/67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26/vBpYHf3zzqbmzn_7aaDl2.jpeg","isPro":false,"fullname":"Ebenezer Tarubinga","user":"psychofict","type":"user","name":"psychofict"},"name":"Ebenezer Tarubinga","status":"claimed_verified","statusLastChangedAt":"2026-08-14T08:45:04.700Z","hidden":false}],"publishedAt":"2026-08-13T00:00:00.000Z","submittedOnDailyAt":"2026-08-14T00:00:00.000Z","title":"CW-BASS v2: Saturation-Aware Pseudo-Label Selection for Semi-Supervised Segmentation under Foundation-Model Teachers","submittedOnDailyBy":{"_id":"67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26","avatarUrl":"https://cdn-avatars.huggingface.co/v1/production/uploads/67c4ec6a7d39ef70f0468f26/vBpYHf3zzqbmzn_7aaDl2.jpeg","isPro":false,"fullname":"Ebenezer Tarubinga","user":"psychofict","type":"user","name":"psychofict"},"summary":"Semi-supervised semantic segmentation has long turned on one question, which pseudo-labels to trust, and a generation of selection rules, dynamic thresholds, per-class curricula, soft confidence weights, answered it for the noisy, under-confident ResNet teachers of their day. 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Papers
arxiv:2608.12773

CW-BASS v2: Saturation-Aware Pseudo-Label Selection for Semi-Supervised Segmentation under Foundation-Model Teachers

Published on Aug 13
· Submitted by
Ebenezer Tarubinga
on Aug 14

Abstract

CW-BASS v2 selects pseudo-labels by measuring teacher reliability on held-out data and applying either strict filtering or an adaptive floor to avoid confirmation bias under saturated confidence.

Semi-supervised semantic segmentation has long turned on one question, which pseudo-labels to trust, and a generation of selection rules, dynamic thresholds, per-class curricula, soft confidence weights, answered it for the noisy, under-confident ResNet teachers of their day. Self-supervised foundation encoders change the regime: with a DINOv2 teacher, confidence saturates, so the filtering that helped a weak teacher can hurt a strong one. We propose CW-BASS v2, a saturation-aware pseudo-label selection method that reads the teacher's confidence regime rather than committing to one rule. It pairs held-out calibration, an unbiased per-class noise estimate, with a self-adaptive confidence floor that provably bounds retention away from 1, and combines them in a one-pass gate: measure the reliability of the teacher's confident set, pi_kept = Pr[correct | c >= tau], on a held-out slice, and filter strictly when it meets the confidence demanded (pi_kept >= tau), falling back to the adaptive floor otherwise. The boundary is the pre-existing operating threshold, not a value tuned to mIoU, and across six DINOv2 teachers it makes the correct strict-vs-floor call blind. CW-BASS v2 thus recovers the UniMatch V2 operating point on the saturated benchmarks by selecting strict (Pascal VOC 1/8 87.4 against its reported 87.9; Cityscapes within 0.5), and improves on it where the confident set is unreliable (pi_kept ~ 89%, ADE20K), where the floor edges ahead (+1.5 mIoU, single seed). The gate is principled because the failure it avoids is measured, not assumed: on a reliable, saturated teacher the confidence distribution's dynamic range collapses (98% of Pascal pixels >= 0.95), so an adaptive cutoff floods the retention mask and self-training decays into confirmation bias.

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Author here.

Pseudo-label selection rules — dynamic thresholds, per-class curricula, soft confidence weights — were designed for noisy, under-confident ResNet teachers. A DINOv2 teacher changes the regime: confidence saturates (98% of Pascal pixels sit at or above 0.95), so an adaptive cutoff floods the retention mask and self-training decays into confirmation bias. The filtering that helped a weak teacher can hurt a strong one.

CW-BASS v2 measures the regime instead of assuming it. A one-pass reliability gate estimates pi_kept = Pr[correct | c >= tau] on a held-out slice and filters strictly when the teacher's confident set is as reliable as the confidence it demands (pi_kept >= tau), falling back to a self-adaptive floor when it is not. The boundary is the pre-existing operating threshold, not a value tuned to mIoU — and it makes the correct strict-vs-floor call blind on all six DINOv2 teachers we tested.

It recovers the UniMatch V2 operating point where the teacher is reliable (Pascal VOC 1/8: 87.4 against 87.9 reported; Cityscapes within 0.5) and improves on it where the confident set is not (ADE20K, pi_kept about 89% rather than 98%: +1.5 mIoU, single seed).

Code, weights for Pascal / Cityscapes / ADE20K, and a Gradio demo you can run locally are in the repo.

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