arXiv — Machine Learning · · 3 min read

Similarity-Aware Personalized Federated Learning in Heterogeneous Environments

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

arXiv:2609.02241 (cs)
[Submitted on 2 Sep 2026]

Title:Similarity-Aware Personalized Federated Learning in Heterogeneous Environments

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Abstract:Federated Learning (FL) allows decentralized clients to train models collaboratively while preserving data privacy. However, distribution mismatch across clients often leads to poor global generalization and degraded local client-level performance. In such scenarios, some of the clients with their local models trained solely on local data may perform better than the globally learnt model, thus nullifying the benefits of collaborative federated learning. To address this, we propose SAPE-FL (Similarity-Aware Personalized Federated Learning), a novel personalization framework that anchors each client's model to both the global model and a similarity-weighted peer averaged model. By incorporating dynamic, client-specific regularization based on both model similarity and output similarity, SAPE-FL adaptively balances global knowledge transfer and peer collaboration while filtering out dissimilar clients. This dual anchoring mitigates negative transfer and enhances robustness in heterogeneous settings. We theoretically analyze our algorithm establishing its convergence guarantees and empirically show that SAPE-FL outperforms state-of-the-art methods under high statistical heterogeneity and low client data regimes.
Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2609.02241 [cs.LG]
  (or arXiv:2609.02241v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.02241
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Arun Kumar A V [view email]
[v1] Wed, 2 Sep 2026 07:48:04 UTC (104 KB)
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