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Target-Language Generation in Multilingual Models: Activation Steering and Optimal Control

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

arXiv:2609.16967 (cs)
[Submitted on 15 Sep 2026]

Title:Target-Language Generation in Multilingual Models: Activation Steering and Optimal Control

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Abstract:Ensuring that multilingual language models generate coherent text in a specific target language is a major issue in multilingual language modeling. We develop an optimal control method for target-language text generation as well as a framework for evaluating the quality of generated text in terms of language adherence, linguistic coherence, and semantic coherence. We find that the proposed method performs at least as well as the prominent difference-in-means activation steering method for the majority of models tested, with substantially less hyperparameter tuning required.
Comments: Accepted at EMNLP 2026
Subjects: Computation and Language (cs.CL)
Cite as: arXiv:2609.16967 [cs.CL]
  (or arXiv:2609.16967v1 [cs.CL] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2609.16967
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: James Michaelov [view email]
[v1] Tue, 15 Sep 2026 10:40:27 UTC (661 KB)
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