Do No Harm? Hallucination and Actor-Level Abuse in Web-Deployed Medical Large Language Models
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Computer Science > Computation and Language
Title:Do No Harm? Hallucination and Actor-Level Abuse in Web-Deployed Medical Large Language Models
Abstract:Medical large language models (LLMs), including custom medical GPTs (MedGPTs) and open-source models, are increasingly deployed on web platforms to provide clinical guidance. However, they pose risks of hallucination, policy noncompliance, and unsafe design. We conduct a large-scale assessment of 6,233 MedGPTs, evaluating a stratified sample of 1,500, together with 10 open-source LLMs. We introduce two frameworks: MedGPT-HEval for hallucination detection and an LLM-based pipeline for assessing policy violations and developer intent. Our results show that 25-30% of MedGPTs exhibit low factual accuracy, with bottom- and middle-tier models at highest risk; 33.6-54.3% violate operational thresholds, and 57.06% of Action-enabled models lack adequate privacy disclosures. Compared with open-source models, MedGPTs achieve higher factual accuracy and semantic alignment, though open-source models are more stable. These results reveal systemic gaps in hallucination and compliance, highlighting the need for multi-metric evaluation and stronger safeguards. We release HAA-MedGPT, a structured dataset that supports future research on the safety of web-facing medical LLMs.
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Computers and Society (cs.CY) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2605.20591 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2605.20591v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.20591
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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Submission history
From: Sunday Ogundoyin [view email][v1] Wed, 20 May 2026 00:57:59 UTC (1,809 KB)
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