arXiv — Machine Learning · · 3 min read

CLaaS: Continual learning as a service for sample efficient online learning

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Computer Science > Machine Learning

arXiv:2606.05559 (cs)
[Submitted on 4 Jun 2026]

Title:CLaaS: Continual learning as a service for sample efficient online learning

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Abstract:Deployed large language model agents must adapt to distribution shift in dynamic environments. Ideally, adaptation can be performed from accumulated agent experiences and retain prior capabilities while transferring to future tasks. However, agent actions and environmental transitions can only be sampled once per scenario, as real-world environments cannot be trivially reset. To this end, we investigate an experiential and online continual learning setting in which agents learn from a stream of scenarios. We propose continual learning as-a-service (CLaaS), a system which enables agents to improve during deployment, abstracted behind a chat API. To increase sample efficiency, CLaaS stores rollouts in an experience replay buffer for gradient reuse during asynchronous training. We evaluate CLaaS on an adversarial task, demonstrating that parametric updates lead to superior forward transfer and less forgetting than in-context learning, with replay being a critical choice for sample efficiency.
Comments: 4 pages main content, 7 figures
Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Cite as: arXiv:2606.05559 [cs.LG]
  (or arXiv:2606.05559v1 [cs.LG] for this version)
  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.05559
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history

From: Kion Fallah [view email]
[v1] Thu, 4 Jun 2026 01:14:19 UTC (2,990 KB)
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