Title:3SPO: State-Score-Supervised Policy Optimization for LLM Agents

Abstract:Training large language models (LLMs) as autonomous agents via reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled frontier models to achieve superhuman performance in long-horizon tasks. However, existing RL algorithms operate at the trajectory level, performing policy optimization only after collecting complete episode rollouts. This coarse-grained approach faces fundamental challenges in multi-turn agent settings where rewards are sparse, delayed, and credit assignment across individual steps is critical. In this work, we propose \textbf{State-Score-Supervised Policy Optimization (3SPO)}, a novel RL algorithm that performs post-step policy optimization with dynamic state score supervision. At each step, 3SPO computes the state score based on historical success rates, supervising step-wise credit assignment, adaptive rollout and post-step policy optimization without requiring value function estimation or additional auxiliary models. Theoretically, under a per-state bandit abstraction, we show that the proposed score-supervised allocation mechanism achieves logarithmic allocation regret and provide sample-complexity guarantees for action identification, score distinguishability, and filtering stability. Experiments on ALFWorld and WebShop with Qwen2.5-1.5B/7B-Instruct show that 3SPO consistently outperforms GRPO by $+22.6\%$ on ALFWorld and $+15.6$ points on WebShop, while using comparable resources to achieve $2.4\times$ more state exploration and $1.8\times$ faster convergence. Code is available at this https URL.

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