Why the Third Axis Is Freedom
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Computer Science > Machine Learning
Title:Why the Third Axis Is Freedom
Abstract:In generative training, a model produces an output and is penalised for its difference from an example. With one output per comparison, a model that produces one common answer can outperform a model retaining a broader repertoire. Explorative Modeling (XM) produces $K$ outputs per comparison and updates on the closest, claiming exploration as a "third pretraining axis" associated with generative expressivity. Here I show the third axis is actually freedom, meaning the weakness of the constraint implied by a model's behaviour. Previous work showed freedom is a property of function rather than form. Parameters, architecture, minimum-description-length (MDL), and data can vary while the behavioural constraint remains unchanged. It was formally proved that weakest models are likeliest to generalise, and freedom selection beat MDL by 110-500\% in induction experiments. I prove average XM loss depends on the chance a candidate misses an acceptable region, with exploration raising miss probability to power $K$. For $K>1$, match probability rises with freedom. I then demonstrate empirically that XM optimises for freedom. In a Forward XM experiment, larger $K$ increased or saturated measured freedom, and increased freedom at every tested value under context-dependent targets. I trained XM candidate pools and compared validation selection with a freedom selector that read unlabelled parent contexts. Freedom won in 29 of 30 cases. Generative expressivity is a mode-count proxy for freedom, that discards the extension structure that gives freedom its generalisation significance. XM is a means, freedom an end, and selecting for freedom improved XM under distribution shift.
| Comments: | Experiment code available on GitHub, in the papers folder: this https URL |
| Subjects: | Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2608.05423 [cs.LG] |
| (or arXiv:2608.05423v1 [cs.LG] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2608.05423
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)
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Submission history
From: Michael Timothy Bennett [view email][v1] Wed, 5 Aug 2026 21:34:42 UTC (155 KB)
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